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CHUMBERA

APRENDE

LA CHUMBERA (OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA): UN SÍMBOLO MEDITERRÁNEO EN PELIGRO

CHUMBERA

Origen y Características

La chumbera o higuera de pala (Opuntia ficus-indica) es una planta de la familia de las cactáceas, originaria de México, pero profundamente arraigada en la cuenca del Mediterráneo. Fue introducida en Europa tras el descubrimiento de América y se adaptó excepcionalmente bien a los climas áridos y soleados del sur de España, Italia, Grecia y el norte de África.

Sus palas (cladodios) son gruesas y carnosas, almacenando agua para resistir largas sequías. Produce unos frutos llamados higos chumbos, muy apreciados por su dulce sabor y alto contenido en vitaminas y fibra. Además, ha sido tradicionalmente utilizada como:

  • Barrera natural para delimitar terrenos.
  • Alimento para el ganado en épocas de escasez.
  • Planta ornamental en jardines y zonas rurales.

La Amenaza: La Cochinilla del Carmín (Dactylopiusopuntiae)

En los últimos años, la chumbera está sufriendo una grave plaga que amenaza su supervivencia en el Mediterráneo. El principal responsable es un insecto invasor: la cochinilla del carmín (Dactylopiusopuntiae), originario de Sudamérica.

¿Cómo Actúa la Plaga?

  • La cochinilla se adhiere a las palas de la chumbera, chupando su savia y debilitándola.
  • Segrega una melaza pegajosa que atrae hongos (como la negrilla), cubriendo la planta de un polvo negro que impide la fotosíntesis.
  • Las palas infectadas se marchitan, amarillean y caen, llevando a la muerte de la planta en pocos meses.

Expansión en el Mediterráneo

  • España (Andalucía, Murcia, Valencia) es una de las zonas más afectadas.
  • También avanza en Italia, Portugal, Marruecos y Grecia.
  • El cambio climático, con veranos más cálidos y secos, favorece su propagación.

Posibles Soluciones

  1. Control Biológico:
    • Introducción de su depredador natural, la mariquita australiana (Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri), que se alimenta de cochinilla.
  2. Tratamientos Químicos:
    • Jabones potásicos o aceite de neem, aunque son poco efectivos en grandes extensiones.
  3. Podas y Eliminación de Plantas Infectadas:
    • Quemar los restos para evitar la propagación.
  4. Investigación y Resistentes Variedades:
    • Algunas especies de Opuntia son más resistentes y podrían replantarse.

Consecuencias Ecológicas y Culturales

  • Pérdida de biodiversidad: La chumbera es refugio y alimento para aves e insectos.
  • Impacto económico: Afecta a agricultores que venden higos chumbos.
  • Cambio del paisaje: Su desaparición altera el entorno rural mediterráneo.

Conclusión

La chumbera, un icono del Mediterráneo, lucha por sobrevivir ante una plaga implacable. Sin medidas urgentes, podríamos perder no solo una planta, sino parte de nuestra cultura y tradición. La combinación de control biológico, investigación y concienciación es clave para salvarla.

¿Has visto chumberas afectadas en tu zona? ¡Comparte tu experiencia! 🌵🔍

Referencias:

  • Ministerio de Agricultura de España.
  • Universidad de Córdoba (Proyectos sobre control de Dactylopiusopuntiae).
  • FAO (Plagas en cultivos mediterráneos).

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